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Although the group was confined to a Javanese, male priyayi following, the Boedi Oetomo was the first in a series of indigenous political activism in the Dutch East Indies. The Boedi Oetomo, the first indigenous political society in the Dutch East Indies, was established by a group of priyayi doctors and medical students in 1908. Nationalistic sentiments among Javanese elites who received Dutch education were formative in the era of the Indonesian National Awakening. Among the Javanese, priyayi men were the first to be educated at Western-style institutions before entering the colonial civil service. Western-style education became available to the native populace, although only the wealthy could afford tuition at the secondary and tertiary institutions where Dutch is the primary language of instruction. The Ethical Politics paradigm extended the colonial state control through educational, religious, agricultural, resource extraction, and political surveillance institutions over the native population until Japanese occupation of 1942. In 1901, the Dutch East Indies government established the so-called Ethische Politiek ('Ethical Politics') as an official policy.

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Map of the Dutch East Indies showing the full extent of its boundaries in the early 20th century. Nonetheless, the social distance separating the priyayi from the peasantry is much greater than that separating the priyagung from the priyayi cilik. In Java, a class distinction existed between priyagung ('upper priyayi'), a group well connected to the aristocratic elite in Surakarta and Yogyakarta, and priyayi cilik ('lower priyayi'). By 1931, Europeans accounted only for 10 percent of the entire state apparatus in the Dutch East Indies, and over 250,000 native officials were on state payroll. Other colonial government employees considered to be of priyayi stature included tax officials, prosecutors, and officials attached to police units.

Asisten Wedana ('Sub-District Chief') approximately 1,200 positions.

Wedana ('District Chief') approximately 400 positions.

The bupati is subordinate to, and usually has a one-to-one correspondence with, the assistant resident вЂ’ the lowest ranking official of the Binnenlands Bestuur. The position of a bupati was often inherited from father to son, a practice allowed under the 1854 Dutch Constitutions, and families of the bupati often formed a local aristocratic class. A bupati is responsible for a kabupaten, often a polity with a semi-autonomous history.

Bupati ('Regent') approximately 70 positions.

In turn, there were three pangreh praja offices with territorial responsibilities, staffed by the indigenous priyayi, in descending order: Raden Tumenggung Danoediningrat, Regent of Kediri, with his wife.

Assistant Resident approximately 70 positions.

Д«y 1926, the Binnenlands Bestuur in the directly ruled areas of Java and Madura consisted of the following offices with territorial responsibilities, in descending order: Outside of the areas ruled directly by Yogyakarta and Surakarta, Dutch colonial authorities established two civil service bodies: the Binnenlands Bestuur ('Interior Administration'), staffed by Dutch officials, and the Pangreh Praja ('Ruler of the Realm'), the indigenous bureaucracy. In the lowland rural areas of Java, the presence of a centralized indigenous bureaucracy strengthened state control over uncultivated land, and helped transform the peasantry from independent smallholders to agricultural laborers. Although Dutch political influence severely limited their autonomy throughout the colonial period, the two kingdoms continued to serve as symbols of Javanese courtly culture. Colonial period ДЄfter the arrival of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the collapse of Mataram, the Sultanates of Surakarta and Yogyakarta became centers of Javanese political power since the 1755 Treaty of Giyanti.

Although 'Javanized' by MataramвЂ™s political expansion, the Sundanese-speaking western part of Java, the easternmost parts of Java, and the nearby island of Madura retain ethnic, linguistic, and cultural differences from the Mataramese heartland.

The homeland of priyayi culture is attributed to MataramвЂ™s center, namely the Javanese-speaking middle and eastern parts of Java. Named para yayi ('the kingвЂ™s brothers'), nobles, officials, administrators, and chiefs were integrated in a patron-client relationship with the Sultan to preside over the peripheries of the kingdom. The Mataram Sultanate, an Islamic polity in south central Java that reached its peak in the 17th century, developed a kraton ('court') culture from which the Sultan emerged as a charismatic figure that rules over a relatively independent aristocracy. Mataram Sultanate during Sultan Agung's reign, mid-17th century.

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